Pharmaceutical Analysis I Notes

Unit 1: Definition, scope & Errors

Scope and errors in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Topics Covered in Unit 1

  • Pharmaceutical Analysis checks drug quality using methods like titration, spectroscopy, and chromatography.

  • Concentration is expressed as

  • Standards are of two types: primary (pure) and secondary (need standardization).

  • Solutions like HCl, NaOH, KMnOâ‚„ are prepared and standardized for accurate use.

  • Errors can be human, instrumental, or environmental in origin.

  • Accuracy means closeness to true value; precision means consistent results.

  • Significant figures show how precise and accurate a measurement is.

  • Pharmacopoeia defines drug standards; impurities are controlled by limit tests.

Unit 2: Acid Base & Non- Aqueous Titration

Topics Covered in Unit 2

  • Indicators show color change in titrations; work by acid-base theory.

  • Titrations are classified by strength of acids and bases: strong, weak, very weak.

  • Neutralization curves help understand pH change during titration.

  • Strong acid–strong base gives sharp pH change near equivalence point.

  • Weak acid–strong base shows gradual pH rise and a buffer region.

  • Very weak acids/bases need special care due to unclear endpoints.

  • Non-aqueous titrations use solvents like glacial acetic acid, not water.

  • Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl are estimated using acidimetry/alkalimetry.

Unit 3: Precipitation & Complexometric Titration, Gravimetry Analysis

Topics Covered in Unit 3

  • Mohr’s, Volhard’s, Fajans methods are used in precipitation titrations.

  • Sodium chloride is estimated using Mohr’s or Volhard’s method.

  • Complexometric titrations use chelating agents to bind metal ions.

  • Indicators for metal ions show endpoint by color change in complexation.

  • Masking/demasking agents hide or reveal ions in complexometric titrations.

  • Magnesium sulphate and calcium gluconate are estimated by EDTA titration.

  • Gravimetry involves weighing a pure, dry precipitate to estimate content.

  • Purity issues include co-precipitation and post-precipitation, e.g., barium sulphate estimation.

Unit 4: Redox titrations

Topics Covered in Unit 4

  • Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.

  • Redox titrations involve transfer of electrons between reactants.

  • Cerimetry uses ceric salts as oxidizing agents in titrations.

  • Iodimetry uses iodine as a direct oxidizing agent.

  • Iodometry uses iodine indirectly, released from iodide.

  • Bromatometry uses bromate as oxidizing agent in presence of acid.

  • Dichrometry uses potassium dichromate to oxidize reducing agents.

  • Potassium iodate is used to titrate analytes via iodine liberation.

Unit 5: Electrochemical methods of analysis

Topics Covered in Unit 5

  • Conductometry measures conductivity to monitor titrations and reactions.

  • Conductivity cell contains electrodes to measure solution conductance.

  • Conductometric titrations help find endpoints without indicators.

  • Potentiometry uses voltage change to detect titration endpoints.

  • Reference electrodes include hydrogen, calomel, and silver chloride.

  • Indicator electrodes like glass and metal detect ion activity.

  • Polarography measures current vs. voltage using electrochemical cells.

  • Dropping mercury and rotating platinum electrodes are used in analysis.

Other Subjects & Units of B Pharmacy 1st Semester

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Acid, Base & Buffers-Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

Dosage forms, Prescription & Posology in Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutics I

Why Choose Our Pharmaceutical Analysis I Notes?

  • Structured Content: Each unit is organized for clarity and ease of understanding.​
  • Exam-Oriented: Focuses on key topics essential for academic and competitive exams.​
  • Accessible Resources: Includes external links to authoritative sources for expanded learning.​
  • Comprehensive Coverage: Addresses all units as per the latest syllabus guidelines.​Mohanlal Sukhadia University+5ResearchGate+5pci.nic.in+5

In conclusion, these Pharmaceutical Analysis I notes are designed to provide a solid foundation for your studies. By integrating concise summaries with external resources, you can enhance your understanding and perform confidently in your examinations.

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