Respiratory, Renal & Cardiovascular System Notes U-2

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Cardiovascular system

Respiratory system

Renal system

Other Units of Pathophysiology

Unit 1
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Pathophysiology

Other Subjects of B Pharmacy 2nd Semester

Peripheral Nervous System

Topic wise notes of:

Human Anatomy & Physiology II

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Topic wise notes of:

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I

  • Nomenclature & Isomerism U-1
  • Conjugate Dienes U-2
  • Alkyl Halides & Alcohols U-3
  • Carbonyl Compounds U-4
  • Carboxylic Acids U-5
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Topic wise notes of:

Biochemistry

  • Biomolecules & Bioenergetics U-1
  • Carbohydrate metabolism U-2
  • Amino Acid Metabolism U-3
  • Nucleic acid metabolism U-4
  • Enzymes U-5
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Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Renal Systems – Summary

Unit II focuses on major disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems, providing essential knowledge on their causes, symptoms, and pathophysiology. Beginning with the cardiovascular system, the unit discusses hypertension, a condition marked by persistently elevated blood pressure that can lead to severe complications if unmanaged. It also covers congestive heart failure (CHF), where the heart’s ability to pump blood is reduced, leading to fluid buildup in tissues.

Additionally, the unit explores ischemic heart disease, which includes conditions such as angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and vascular issues like atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. These conditions result from reduced blood supply to the heart muscles due to narrowed or hardened arteries.

Moving to the respiratory system, the unit highlights asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease, and chronic obstructive airway diseases (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema—both of which significantly impair breathing and oxygen exchange.

The final section focuses on the renal system, addressing acute and chronic renal failure. These conditions impair the kidneys’ ability to filter waste, maintain electrolyte balance, and regulate fluid levels, leading to systemic complications.

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