The Division of skeletal system is divided into two main divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles. Here is the Classification and Division of skeletal system, including the names of all bones: A) Axial … Read more
There are many disorders of heart, which can be broadly categorized into structural, electrical, and circulatory issues. Some common disorders of heart Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Cause: Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque build-up (atherosclerosis). Symptoms: Chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, increased risk of heart attack. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) … Read more
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart over time. It is commonly used to detect and analyze heart-related problems, including abnormal rhythms, inadequate blood flow, and structural issues. How an ECG Works: The ECG measures the electrical changes on the skin produced by the … Read more
A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries caused by the surge of blood with each heartbeat. It is an important indicator of cardiovascular health and heart function. How the Pulse Works: During systole (heart contraction), blood is pumped into the arteries, increasing pressure within them. This pressure wave travels through the arterial … Read more
Regulation of blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is crucial to maintain optimal blood pressure for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The regulation of blood pressure involves several mechanisms: 1. Baroreceptors (Regulation of Blood Pressure) Location: Aortic arch and carotid … Read more
The cardiac cycle is a series of events that occur in the heart during one complete heartbeat. It consists of two main phases: diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction). During the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles contract and relax in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. The duration of a single cardiac … Read more
Cardiac output (CO) is a measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is a crucial indicator of the efficiency of the heart and the circulatory system in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. Factors Determining Cardiac Output CO is determined by two primary factors: Heart Rate … Read more
Heartbeat Regulation by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)) plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The ANS consists of two primary branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), both of which have opposing effects on heart function. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Role: Responsible for the … Read more
Conduction System of Heart -Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat: The Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat refer to a specialized network of cells responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that control the heart’s rhythmic contractions. This system ensures that the heart beats in … Read more
Blood vessels form a vital network in the circulatory system, transporting blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 1. Arteries of Blood Vessels Function: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery) and withstand high pressure … Read more
