Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic and strong; nonferrous metals lack iron, resist corrosion, and are used for lightweight and non-magnetic applications. Ferrous Metals Ferrous metals contain iron as their main component. These metals are known for their strength and durability and are commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and other heavy industries. Examples: Steel: … Read more
When selecting materials for constructing a pharmaceutical plant, consider the following factors to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance: Factors affecting during materials selected for pharmaceutical plant construction Regulatory Compliance: FDA/EMA Guidelines: Materials must meet standards from regulatory bodies. GMP: Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices is essential. Chemical Compatibility: Resistance and Non-reactivity: Materials must resist and … Read more
Organic and inorganic nonmetals refer to nonmetal elements found in carbon-based compounds (organic) and those not involving carbon-hydrogen bonds (inorganic). Inorganic Nonmetals Inorganic nonmetals are elements or compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. They are generally derived from minerals and other non-organic sources. Examples of Inorganic Nonmetals: Silicon: Used in semiconductors, glass, and … Read more
Material handling systems are essential for efficiently moving, storing, and managing materials in various industries. Here are the basics: Definition of Material Handling Systems Material handling involves the movement, protection, storage, and control of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Types of Material Handling Equipment Manual Handling: Hand tools, carts, and … Read more
Understand the different types of corrosion—like uniform, galvanic, pitting, and crevice—and learn effective prevention methods such as coatings, cathodic protection, andmaterial selection.“ General Corrosion (Uniform Attack Corrosion) Definition: Corrosion that occurs uniformly over a large surface area. Example: Rusting of iron in the atmosphere. Prevention: Use of corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., stainless steel). Application of protective … Read more
Theories of Corrosion is given below Theories of Corrosion are natural process that results in the deterioration of materials, usually metals, through chemical or electrochemical reactions with their environment. The primary theories of corrosion include acid corrosion, dry (chemical) corrosion, and galvanic (electrochemical) corrosion 1. Acid Corrosion (Electrochemical Corrosion in Acidic Environment): Mechanism: Occurs when … Read more
Principle of Membrane Filters Membrane filters operate on the principle of selective permeability, allowing certain molecules or particles to pass through while retaining others. They use a thin, semi-permeable membrane for filtration. Construction of Membrane Filters Membrane: Made from materials like cellulose acetate, polyamide, or polysulfone. Support Structure: Holds the membrane in place and provides … Read more
Principle of Silverson Emulsifier: The Silverson emulsifier operates on the principle of high-shear mixing. It uses a rotor-stator mechanism to create intense shear forces that emulsify, homogenize, and mix materials efficiently. Construction of Silverson Emulsifier: Rotor: High-speed rotating element. Stator: Stationary element with perforations or slots. Drive System: Motor to drive the rotor. Mixing Head: … Read more
Principles of Drum Dryer Drum drying involves spreading a liquid or slurry on a rotating heated drum. As the drum rotates, the material dries and is then scraped off. Construction of Drum Dryer Rotating Drum: Hollow drum heated internally by steam or other means. Feed System: Feeds material onto the drum surface. Doctor Blade: Scrapes … Read more
Principles of Spray Dryer Spray drying involves converting a liquid into a fine spray and then drying it using hot gas. This method allows for rapid drying and production of fine powders. Construction of Spray Dryer Atomizer: Converts liquid into fine droplets. Drying Chamber: Large chamber where hot air dries the droplets. Heating System: Heats … Read more