Thyroid gland

• The Thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body.
• It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
• Located in the front part of the neck below the Adam’s apple, it consists of two lobes that are connected by an isthmus.

Structure of Thyroid gland

• Butterfly-shaped, located at the front of the neck, wrapping around the trachea.
• Made up of follicles that produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
• Parafollicular (C) cells produce calcitonin, which regulates calcium levels.

Function of Thyroid gland

1. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4):

   • Regulate metabolism, heart rate, digestion, muscle function, brain development, and bone maintenance.
   • Essential for brain and nervous system development in infants and children.

2. Calcitonin:

   • Helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels, aiding in bone density.

Disorders of Thyroid gland

• Thyroid disorders often arise from an abnormal production of thyroid hormones, leading to a wide range of health issues.
  1. Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid causing fatigue, weight gain, and depression, often due to iodine deficiency or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
  2. Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid leading to weight loss, high blood pressure, and anxiety, commonly caused by Graves’ disease.
  3. Goiter: Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency or thyroid hormone imbalances, not always affecting function.
  4. Thyroid Nodules: Often benign lumps in the thyroid, usually symptomless, detected during routine checks.
  5. Thyroid Cancer: Less common but potentially aggressive; early detection and treatment are key.
  6. Thyroiditis: Inflammation causing hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, triggered by autoimmune diseases, infections, or post-pregnancy.

Treatment of Thyroid gland

• Treatment for thyroid disorders varies depending on the specific condition and may include:
  • Medication to normalize thyroid hormone levels.
  • Radioactive iodine treatment to shrink or destroy overactive thyroid cells.
  • Thyroid surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland in cases of cancer, nodules, or hyperthyroidism.
  • Hormone replacement therapy to replace thyroid hormones in cases of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential for effectively managing thyroid conditions and ensuring proper hormone levels.

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